Era Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era Univ., Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Human pregnancy is a beautiful experience that goes through a large number of biological events. From the time of its inception to the final stage of parturition, several mechanisms, genes, hormones, physiological changes and emotional plangencies are involved. Despite the scientific advancement in the area of reproductive biology, we still do not know the number of genes involved in the sustenance of pregnancy, their sequential expression, timing of silencing and their overall regulation. The availability of fine-tuned level of several hormones, the timely progress of the fetal development along with the health of the mother and her emotional well-being tend to guarantee the normal birth of a baby. However, close to about 15% pregnancy loss is estimated globally. This occurrence warrants the search of cases, causes and possible remedial measure. We have included some still other uncharacterized factors that seem to be crucial for the sustenance of pregnancy and for eventual successful parturition. These seemingly innocuous factors include microbiomes, Microplastics, environmental pollutions, professional hazards, stress, nutritional deficiency, rampant food adulteration and use of tobacco and alcohol. In addition, how a pregnant female is treated in her family is equally important for her emotional health. Following the loss of pregnancy, the importance of counseling to affected mother becomes important. Thus, a genetic counselor has an equally important role to play in the society. This review is aimed to collect, collate and summarize possible factors responsible for the loss of pregnancy and subsequent genetic counseling. It is envisaged that this review will be useful for researchers, doctors, nurses and health care professionals enhancing its overall awareness and nuances culminating into a happy, healthy and successful family life.
Keywords: Chromosomal abnormalities, Environmental pollution, Genetic counseling, Hormonal imbalance, Loss of pregnancy, Microplastics, Telomere, Y chromosome.
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