Mustapha Ibrahim, Rukayya Abdullahi Garko, Mohammed Ahmed Abbakaka and Badiya Tukur |
Abstract
This comprehensive review examines supercapacitors as advanced energy storage devices, focusing on their construction, working principles, and various types. Supercapacitors bridge the gap between conventional batteries and standard capacitors, offering unique combinations of high-energy storage capacity and rapid power delivery. The study analyzes their performance metrics, including maximum energy (Emax) and maximum power (Pmax), while addressing current limitations in stability, electrochemical potential windows, and operational lifespans. The research explores different capacitor technologies, including ceramic, electrolytic, film, polymer, hybrid, and glass capacitors, examining their distinct characteristics and applications. Current commercial supercapacitors, typically utilizing aqueous or organic electrolytes with activated carbon electrodes, achieve energy densities of 4-5 Wh kg-1 and power densities of 1-2 kW kg-1. The paper highlights significant applications in automotive industries, particularly in hybrid and electric vehicles, where over 600,000 vehicles currently employ supercapacitors in stop-start systems. This review also addresses manufacturing processes and emerging trends in solid-state supercapacitors, suggesting potential pathways for future development in energy storage technology.
Keywords: Double-layer capacitance, Electrode materials, Energy storage devices, Power density, Supercapacitors.
View PDF